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The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 Photo © Takaaki Kajita Takaaki Kajita Prize share: 1/2 Photo: K. MacFarlane. Queen's University /SNOLAB Arthur B. McDonald Prize share: 1/2 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015 was awarded jointly to Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"

Chapt1 Educational Technology

ചൊവ്വയിൽ ഒഴുകുന്ന ജലം കണ്ടെത്തിയതായി നാസ ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർ. ഗ്രഹത്തിലെ പർവതഗർത്തങ്ങൾക്കിടയിലൂടെ വളരെദൂരം താഴ്‌വാരത്തിലേക്കു വേനൽക്കാലത്തൊഴുകുന്ന അരുവികൾ ശിശിരത്തിൽ അന്തരീക്ഷ താപം താഴുന്നതോടെ ഉറഞ്ഞുപോകുന്നതിന്റെ അടയാളങ്ങളും ഗവേഷകർ കണ്ടെത്തി. ചൊവ്വയിൽ ജീവന്റെ സാന്നിധ്യമുണ്ടെന്ന വാദത്തിനു ബലം നൽകുന്നതാണ് പുതിയ കണ്ടെത്തൽ. ചൊവ്വയിൽനിന്നുള്ള പുതിയ ചിത്രങ്ങളിൽ പർവതങ്ങളും അഗാധ ഗർത്തങ്ങളും മലയിടുക്കുകളും കാണാം. ഈ പ്രതലത്തിലാണ് അരുവികളുടെ അടയാളങ്ങളുള്ളത്. അരുവികൾ ഉണ്ടെന്നു സ്ഥിരീകരിച്ചെങ്കിലും എവിടെനിന്നാണ് ഇവ ഉറവെടുക്കുന്നതെന്നു വ്യക്തമായിട്ടില്ല. ചൊവ്വയുടെ ഉപരിതലത്തിനു താഴെ ഘനീഭവിച്ച മഞ്ഞുപാളികളോ ഉപ്പുവെള്ളമോ അന്തരീഷതാപം ഉയരുമ്പോൾ ഉരുകിയൊലിക്കുന്നതാകാമെന്നാണ് അനുമാനം. ഒഴുകുന്ന ജലമുണ്ടെന്നു കണ്ടെത്തിയ നിലയ്ക്ക് ചൊവ്വയിൽ വാസയോഗ്യമായ അന്തരീഷത്തിനു സാധ്യതയുണ്ടാകാമെന്ന് നാസയിലെ ഗവേഷകർ പറയുന്നു. അരുവികളുടെ ഉറവിടം കണ്ടെത്തലാണ് ഗവേഷകരുടെ അടുത്ത ലക്ഷ്യം. ചൊവ്വയിൽ ഒരു കാലത്ത് ജലമുണ്ടായിരുന്നു എന്നതിന് മുൻപുതന്നെ തെളിവുകൾ ലഭിച്ചിരുന്നു. 1970കളിൽ ലഭിച്ച ചില ചൊവ്വാ ചി...

KALI (electron accelerator) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The KALI ( K ilo A mpere L inear I njector) is a linear electron accelerator being developed in India , by the Defence Research Development Organization (DRDO) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). It is not a laser weapon as commonly believed.In Scientific term, KALI stands for 'Kilo Ampere Linear Injector'. It is designed to work in such a way that if an enemy missile is launched in Indian direction, it will quickly emit powerful pulses of Relativistic Electrons Beams (REB) and destroy the target in no time. Unlike laser beams, it does not bore a hole in the target but thoroughly damages the on-board electronic systems. Scientists say that it can potentially be used as a beam weapon. Bursts of microwaves packed with gigawatts of power (one gigawatt is 1000 million watts) produced by this machine, when aimed at enemy missiles and aircrafts will cripple their electronic sy...

അന്യഗ്രഹജീവികളെ കണ്ടെത്താൻ സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹോക്കിങ് അന്യഗ്രഹജീവികളെ തേടിയുള്ള മനുഷ്യന്റെ അന്വേഷണങ്ങൾക്ക് ഉണർവേകാൻ 10 കോടി ഡോളറിന്റെ വൻ ഗവേഷണ പദ്ധതിയുമായി വിഖ്യാത ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞൻ സ്റ്റീഫൻ ഹോക്കിങ്. ലണ്ടൻ റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റിയിൽ കഴിഞ്ഞദിവസം പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ച ‘ബ്രേക്ക് ത്രൂ ഇനിഷ്യേറ്റിവ്സ്’ പദ്ധതിക്ക് യുഎസ് ശതകോടീശ്വരൻ യൂറി മിൽനറാണ് ധനസഹായം നൽകുന്നത്. ഭൂമിയിൽ ജീവൻ സ്വാഭാവികമായി ഉടലെടുത്തതാണെങ്കിൽ, അനന്തമായ ഈ പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിലെ മറ്റിടങ്ങളിലും ജീവന്റെ സാധ്യത ഏറെയാണെന്ന് പദ്ധതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചുകൊണ്ടു ഹോക്കിങ് പറഞ്ഞു. ഭൂമിയിലുള്ള നമ്മൾ ഏതെങ്കിലും അന്യഗ്രഹജിവികളുടെ നിരീക്ഷണത്തിലാകാനുള്ള സാധ്യതയും തള്ളിക്കളയേണ്ടതില്ലെന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം ചൂണ്ടിക്കാട്ടി. അന്യഗ്രഹജീവികളെ തേടിയുള്ള മുൻ ഗവേഷണ പദ്ധതികളെ അപേക്ഷിച്ച് കൂടുതൽ വ്യാപകമായ തിരച്ചിലിനാണ് പുതിയ പദ്ധതിയുടെ ശ്രമം. ഇപ്പോൾ നിരീക്ഷിക്കുന്ന പ്രപഞ്ചഭാഗങ്ങളുടെ പത്തിരിട്ടി കൂടുതൽ മേഖലകളിലേക്ക് നൂറിരട്ടി വേഗത്തിൽ തിരച്ചിൽ വ്യാപിപ്പിക്കും. ഭൂമിക്കു സമീപത്തുള്ളതും ക്ഷീരപഥത്തിന് അപ്പുറത്തുള്ളതുമായ പത്തുലക്ഷം നക്ഷത്രങ്ങളെ സൂക്ഷ്മമായി പഠിക്കും. റേഡിയോ തരംഗങ്ങ...

Indigenously Developed High Thrust Cryogenic Rocket Engine Successfully Ground Tested for a duration for 800 seconds India’s first indigenously designed and developed High Thrust cryogenic rocket engine generating a nominal thrust of 19 tonnes was successfully endurance hot tested for a duration of 800 seconds on July 16, 2015 at ISRO Propulsion Complex, Mahendragiri. This duration is approximately 25% more than the engine burn duration in flight. The engine will be used for powering the Cryogenic stage (C25), the upper stage of the next generation GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle of ISRO, capable of launching four tonne class satellites. This cryogenic engine of C25 Stage operates on Gas Generator Cycle using extremely low temperature propellants – Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) at 20 Kelvin (-253 deg C) and Liquid Oxygen (LOX) at 80K (-193 deg C). The various subsystems of the engine are – regeneratively cooled Thrust Chamber, Gas Generator, LOX and LH2 high speed turbopump sy...

What is Amateur Radio? When cell phones, regular phones, the internet and other systems are down or overloaded, Amateur Radio still gets the message through.   Radio amateurs, often called “hams,” enjoy radio technology as a hobby. But it's also a service –a vital service that has saved lives when regular communication systems failed. Who are Hams? Ham Radio operators are movie stars, missionaries, doctors, students, politicians, truck drivers and regular people. They are all ages, sexes and income levels linked by their interest in wireless communications technologies. There are more licensed American Amateur Radio operators now than ever before in history. Why do you need a license? While license application requirements vary by country, the Amateur Radio Service is also controlled by international law and agreements because radio waves do not stop for international borders. In its regulations ( Part 97 ), the Federal Communications Commis...

The Large Hadron Collider The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator . It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s accelerator complex . The LHC consists of a 27-kilometre ring of superconducting magnets with a number of accelerating structures to boost the energy of the particles along the way. Inside the accelerator, two high-energy particle beams travel at close to the speed of light before they are made to collide. The beams travel in opposite directions in separate beam pipes – two tubes kept at ultrahigh vacuum . They are guided around the accelerator ring by a strong magnetic field maintained by superconducting electromagnets . The electromagnets are built from coils of special electric cable that operates in a superconducting state, efficiently conducting electricity without resistance or loss of energy. This requires chill...

Sorry,  the LHC still hasn't sucked us into a black hole Apocalyptics sigh and hope something shows up The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has still failed to produce microscopic black holes, according to a new analysis of data from the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) collaboration. The idea, beloved of theoretical physicists , lawyers , and cranks others , is that collisions even down to the Tera-electron-volt (TeV) scale could produce microscopic black holes. If they did pop up, it would be more than a curiosity: it would provide empirical support hitherto lacking for the notion that there are extra dimensions we haven't seen before. This, in turn, would give scientists a new angle for investigating the nature of gravity. In this paper at arX...

EDU 08: EDUCATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Contents A. EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT (30HOURS THEORY + 6 HOURS PROCESS) Unit I : Management, Administration, Organisation Unit II : Aspects of school management Unit III : Management of School activities B. ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION (30 HOURS THEORY+18 HOURS PROCESS) Unit I : Concept and relevance of environmental education Unit II : Environmental problems: Global and local level-Causes and Effects Unit III : Environmental concerns Unit IV : Disaster management A. EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT Unit I: Management, Administration, Organisation (10 hours) Modern trends in management- theories,functions and effectiveness indicators _ Educational management – meaning and difference with industrial management _ Importance of study of educational management _ Different components of management of educational system _ Structure of management at Central, State, District and Panchayat level Unit II: Aspects of School Management (18 hours) Time management: T...

EDU - 03: TECHNOLOGY & COMMUNICATION IN EDUCATION (Theory 60 hours+ Practical 30 hours) Contents: Unit I: Introduction to Educational Technology (Theory 20hours & Practical 2 hours) Unit II: Communication Technology (Theory10 hours) Unit III: ICT in Education (Theory 20 hours & Practical25 hours) Unit IV: Students Safety on the net (Theory10 hours& Practical 3 hours) UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY ( THEORY 20 HOURS & PRACTICAL 2 HOURS ) Educational technology concept, objectives and scope. Difference between technology in education (Instructional technology) and technology of education (teaching technology)Approaches of educational technology –Hardware Software and Systems approach Resource centres and services in educational technology CIET (NCERT) SIET EMMRC UGC-CEC C-DIT EDUSAT NME-ICT NPTEL IT@SCHOOL VICTERS CHANNEL AKSHAYA PROJECT GYAN DARSAN INFLIBNET B. Media in Education Print media- Newspapers-Books-Journals-Maga...

Syllabus for written examination for PGT (Phy) Unit I: Physical World and Measurement Need for measurement: Units of measurement; systems of units; SI units, fundamental and derived units. Length, mass and time measurements; accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; errors in measurement; significant figures. dimensional analysis and its applications. Unit II: Kinematics Frame of reference. Motion in a one ,two and three dimension: Position-time graph, speed and velocity. Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. Uniformly accelerated motion, velocity-time, position-time graphs, relations for uniformly accelerated motion .Vectors :Position and displacement vectors .addition and subtraction of vectors. Relative velocity.scalar product of vectors,Vector product of vectors. Unit vector; Resolution of a vector in a plane - rectangular components. Motion in a plane. Cases of uniform velocity and uniform acceleration-projectile motion. Unit III: Laws o...

PLATO ( Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations ) [1] [2] was the first generalized computer assisted instruction system. Starting in 1960, it ran on the University of Illinois ' ILLIAC I computer. By the late 1970s, it supported several thousand graphics terminals distributed worldwide, running on nearly a dozen different networked mainframe computers . Many modern concepts in multi-user computing were developed on PLATO, including forums, message boards, online testing, e-mail , chat rooms, picture languages , instant messaging , remote screen sharing , and multiplayer games . PLATO was designed and built by the University of Illinois and functioned for four decades, offering coursework (elementary through university) to UIUC students, local schools, and other universities. Rights to market PLATO as a commercial product were licensed by Control Data Corporation (CDC), the manufacturer on whose mainframe computers the PLATO IV system was built. CDC Presid...